Introduction Complex permittivity, denoted as $\varepsilon = \varepsilon’ – j\varepsilon”$, plays a central role in the understanding and simulation of electromagnetic and optical materials. Here, $\varepsilon’$ refers to the dielectric constant that quantifies a material’s ability to store electric energy, while $\varepsilon”$ captures the loss or dissipation of energy within the material. This dual nature […]
Introduction The intersection of microfluidics and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has become a pivotal frontier in the development of real-world, deployable diagnostic tools, especially for point-of-care (POC) applications. SPR, a label-free biosensing technology that detects changes in the refractive index near a sensor surface, when combined with the precision fluid control offered by microfluidics, opens […]
Introduction Surface plasmon-based sensing platforms have become indispensable tools in biosensing, pharmaceutical development, and environmental diagnostics. Among these, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) represent the most widely applied technologies in the field of plasmonics. Each approach has distinct physical principles, detection strategies, and performance parameters […]
Introduction Terahertz (THz) waves occupy the frequency range between microwave and infrared bands, typically spanning from 0.1 to 10 THz. Often dubbed as the “terahertz gap” due to historical challenges in generating and detecting radiation within this range, recent years have seen a rapid resurgence of interest in THz technologies. This renewed focus is largely […]
Introduction The intersection of artificial intelligence and materials science has emerged as one of the most transformative frontiers in modern research and engineering. At the heart of this convergence lies a simple but powerful question: Can AI design better materials than humans? As industries ranging from renewable energy to biomedical devices grapple with the growing […]
Introduction The concept of training and fine-tuning AI models at home marks a pivotal shift in artificial intelligence development. Traditionally, model training was confined to research institutions or tech corporations with massive datasets, high-end computing infrastructure, and specialized personnel. However, a recent wave of democratization in AI, driven by accessible pre-trained models, community-powered frameworks, and […]
Introduction A 32-bit processor refers to a central processing unit (CPU) architecture capable of processing data and memory addresses that are 32 bits wide. This measurement relates to the size of the processor’s general-purpose registers, data buses, and memory addressing capability. The term “32-bit” also influences the design of operating systems, compilers, and hardware interfacing, […]
Introduction The confluence of microfluidic technology and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing represents a pivotal advancement in the evolution of miniaturized analytical systems. Historically, SPR sensors—while extremely sensitive to refractive index changes at the nanoscale—have been encumbered by operational limitations. These include reliance on manual sample delivery, low multiplexing throughput, and often bulky system architecture. […]
Introduction A Multi-LLM Chatbot represents a significant evolution in conversational AI. Unlike traditional chatbots that rely on a single large language model (LLM), these systems integrate multiple LLMs—each tailored for specific domains, tasks, or reasoning styles. This architecture enables dynamic response generation, better contextual understanding, and a more nuanced interaction flow, addressing many limitations of […]
Introduction The modern entrepreneurial landscape is increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence, offering tools that empower founders, marketers, and researchers to identify gaps, test hypotheses, and even simulate business models. While most discussions focus on cloud-based AI services, a growing cohort of professionals is turning to offline AI tools for business ideation—solutions that operate independently of […]
