Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensors represent a class of advanced optical fiber technologies that are revolutionizing the landscape of precision sensing. Unlike conventional step-index optical fibers, PCFs incorporate a microstructured arrangement of air holes along their length, giving them unique light-guiding properties. These periodic structures allow PCFs to confine and guide light either through modified […]
Introduction Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors stand at the forefront of label-free biosensing technologies, relying on the excitation of surface plasmons—coherent electron oscillations—at metal-dielectric interfaces. The resonance condition, and hence the sensor’s response, is acutely sensitive to changes in the local refractive index, making SPR particularly valuable in the detection of biomolecules, chemicals, and environmental […]
Introduction Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) has emerged as a vital optical sensing technique in the toolbox of modern biological research. Unlike conventional assays that depend on labeling or indirect detection, SPRi provides a label-free, real-time modality to monitor biomolecular interactions across multiple analytes simultaneously. This unique combination of high-throughput screening and non-destructive testing has […]
Introduction Photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based gas cells (PCF Sensor) have emerged as an indispensable component in optical gas sensing, particularly in Raman and absorption-based techniques. These gas cells offer significant improvements over traditional sensing architectures by enhancing light-gas interaction length, enabling miniaturization, and offering higher sensitivity and selectivity. The structure of PCFs, characterized by microscopic […]
Introduction Zeta potential, often denoted as ζ-potential, is the electrokinetic potential that develops at the slipping plane of a particle in a liquid medium. It quantifies the electrical potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to the dispersed particle. In simple terms, it measures the degree of electrostatic repulsion […]
Introduction Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have emerged as a critical innovation in the landscape of food safety and quality control. Defined as a label-free, real-time optical biosensing technique, SPR functions by detecting refractive index changes near a sensor surface, typically a gold film, allowing precise identification of biomolecular interactions. Its relevance in food safety […]
Introduction Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) represent a transformative category within fiber optics, characterized by a periodic microstructure running along their length. Unlike conventional optical fibers that guide light through a core with a higher refractive index than the cladding, PCFs manipulate light using the geometry of microscopic air holes embedded in the fiber structure. This […]
Introduction Water is arguably the most vital resource on Earth, yet its contamination has escalated into a global concern that continues to challenge scientists, regulators, and industries alike. Emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), microplastics, and a host of chemical pollutants now pervade freshwater systems, oceans, and even drinking water supplies. The […]
Introduction The confluence of microfluidic technology and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing represents a pivotal advancement in the evolution of miniaturized analytical systems. Historically, SPR sensors—while extremely sensitive to refractive index changes at the nanoscale—have been encumbered by operational limitations. These include reliance on manual sample delivery, low multiplexing throughput, and often bulky system architecture. […]
Introduction Semiconductor simulations have emerged as foundational tools in the design, optimization, and validation of electronic devices. As modern electronics move toward greater complexity, miniaturization, and AI/ML integration, these simulations offer a means to predict and control outcomes that would otherwise require extensive and costly physical prototyping. The discipline spans multiple stages of the semiconductor […]
